[Anthroponutriciology: the development of the ideas of the founders of a new scientific direction].

The most outstanding Russian anatomists and anthropologists D.A. Zhdanov and B.A. Nikityuk and the leading nutritionist A.A. Pokrovsky were the founders of the Anthroponutritiology, which arose at the junction of Anthropological Anatomy and Nutrition Science and represented a new stage in the integration of these two sciences. Both Sciences, enriching each other with facts, existing methodology and established traditions, implementing modern innovative approaches, bring the physical and nutritional status of individuals closer to the standard (the "gold standard"). One of the applied tasks of Anthroponutritiology is the identification of the constitutional dependence of morphophysiological characters and determination of anthropological and clinical associations. Solving problems of Anthroponutritiology is a primary public concern, the most crucial state task. This issue is under the mandate of Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology and biotechnology, which implements this new branch of Science.

Beyond the Linguistic/Medical Anthropology Divide: Retooling Anthropology to Face COVID-19.

Differing analytics and ethnographic practices impede conversations between linguistic and medical anthropologists. Here I juxtapose articles in this special issue that use diverse ethnographic sites to rethink anthropological concepts of health, disease, care, the body, language, and communication in the light of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. I track how anthropologists and their interlocutors envision relations between ideologies, embedded modeling (or metacommunication), and ordinary pragmatics, particularly by projecting their actual or ideal consonance versus exploring how sounds, bodies, technologies, and practices emerge from disjunctures. Comparing H1N1 in 2009 and COVID-19 prompts reflection on why anthropologists must transcend this foundational divide to tackle pandemic complexities.

Medical Anthropology in Pediatrics: Improving Disparities by Partnering with Families.

Cultural health beliefs and practices often affect accuracy of diagnoses, health care delivery, and treatment plan adherence, which can lead to health disparity. However, the effect of these belief systems, and acceptance of health care provider recommendations is not commonly discussed. As the proportion of patients from a variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds increases, an awareness of these belief systems can help achieve better health outcomes. A provider who is flexible and can understand and possibly integrate traditionally non-Western approaches into their treatment plans may build a stronger bond of trust with their patient, thus building a bridge to better health and well-being. [Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(5):e222-e227.].

Science and Serendipity: Finding Coca-Cola in China.

Four years of wide-ranging anthropological research yielded a surprising discovery: the Coca-Cola Company, working through an industry-funded scientific nonprofit, had quietly reshaped China's obesity science and policy to align with Coke's position that exercise, not food and drink, is what matters-a view few experts accept. Hoping to get the results to the key audiences, the author submitted a capstone article to a series of high-impact medical journals that was repeatedly rejected. Eventually the article was published in a top journal, but not as "scientific research." This prompted reflection on the differences between the methods of anthropology and medical science. Anthropological research is distinguished by methodological openness, serendipity, narrative sense-making, and personalism. It is personalistic in that the body is a research tool, and a solo researcher at the center acts as data clearinghouse and marshals regional expertise to show how things make cultural sense. Using the Coke-in-China research, this article illustrates how this systematic yet self-consciously subjective approach was effective in breaching the walls of industry science and uncovering the social ties and institutional mechanisms that allowed corporate schemes to remain hidden while gaining such power. The author encourages readers in medicine and public health to think about the complex, human process by which they reach their own conclusions. A better understanding of how each science is human in its own way might open up space for greater dialogue and even more collaborative knowledge-making at the crossroads of anthropology and the health sciences.

An introduction to the role of immunology in medical anthropology and molecular epidemiology.

Medical anthropology is a multi-disciplinary approach to the medical sciences and humanities. Immunology is of the basic medical sciences dealing with anthropology as a science which involves in recognition of self and non-self. We performed this review paper to introduce the role of immunology in medical anthropology and molecular epidemiology. This narrative review was based on the authors' original experience and current literature. We discussed about human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their disease associations. Bioinformatics and biostatistics help us to use this topic in evidence-based medicine. Immunogenetics is an important part of the molecular anthropology being a part of medical anthropology in turn. There were different notions of the integration of immunology and medical anthropology including environmental, ecological and cultural effects, historical and philosophical approaches, immunological biomarkers in different patients, and immunogenetics. Such studies can be used in pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine especially for immunotherapy.

[Medical anthropology in Latin America, 1990-2015: A strictly provisional review]. / Antropología médica en América Latina 1990-2015: Una revisión estrictamente provisional.

The article presents a provisional examination of the production of Latin American medical anthropology, especially from Mexico, and to a lesser degree Brazil, from 1990 to 2015, in an attempt to highlight the discipline's principal contributions, orientations and objectives, but also to pose critiques and doubts, especially with respect to the omission of the study of serious collective health problems and processes. The article attempts to put into evidence the importance of the discipline not only for anthropology, but also for biomedicine, suggesting the need for complementation beyond the differences and incompatibilities that exist regarding, for example, the use of qualitative techniques, and interventions -or lack of interventions- regarding the customs of the different social actors with respect to health/disease/care-prevention processes.

Se presenta una aproximación provisional sobre lo producido por la antropología médica en América Latina, especialmente, en México y, en menor medida, en Brasil, entre 1990 y 2015, tratando de señalar sus principales aportes, orientaciones y objetivos, pero también planteando críticas y algunas dudas referidas, especialmente, a la omisión del estudio de graves procesos y problemas de salud colectiva. En el artículo se trata de poner en evidencia la importancia de esta disciplina no solo para la antropología, sino también para la biomedicina, planteando la necesidad de complementación, más allá de las diferencias e incompatibilidades que existen respecto, por ejemplo, del uso de las técnicas cualitativas o de las intervenciones y no intervenciones sobre los "usos y costumbres" de los diferentes actores sociales referidos a los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención.

Marco socioantropológico de la enfermedad celíaca y sensibilidad al gluten; presente y futuro / No disponible

No disponible

Antropología médica en América Latina 1990-2015: Una revisión estrictamente provisional / Medical anthropology in Latin America, 1990-2015: A strictly provisional review

RESUMEN Se presenta una aproximación provisional sobre lo producido por la antropología médica en América Latina, especialmente, en México y, en menor medida, en Brasil, entre 1990 y 2015, tratando de señalar sus principales aportes, orientaciones y objetivos, pero también planteando críticas y algunas dudas referidas, especialmente, a la omisión del estudio de graves procesos y problemas de salud colectiva. En el artículo se trata de poner en evidencia la importancia de esta disciplina no solo para la antropología, sino también para la biomedicina, planteando la necesidad de complementación, más allá de las diferencias e incompatibilidades que existen respecto, por ejemplo, del uso de las técnicas cualitativas o de las intervenciones y no intervenciones sobre los "usos y costumbres" de los diferentes actores sociales referidos a los procesos de salud/enfermedad/atención-prevención.

ABSTRACT The article presents a provisional examination of the production of Latin American medical anthropology, especially from Mexico, and to a lesser degree Brazil, from 1990 to 2015, in an attempt to highlight the discipline's principal contributions, orientations and objectives, but also to pose critiques and doubts, especially with respect to the omission of the study of serious collective health problems and processes. The article attempts to put into evidence the importance of the discipline not only for anthropology, but also for biomedicine, suggesting the need for complementation beyond the differences and incompatibilities that exist regarding, for example, the use of qualitative techniques, and interventions -or lack of interventions- regarding the customs of the different social actors with respect to health/disease/care-prevention processes.

Researchers' Perceived Challenges in Studying Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Etiology in Mesoamerica.

INTRODUCTION Despite growing research interest in the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology (a distinct form of chronic kidney disease disproportionately affecting agricultural populations across Mesoamerica-Central America and southern Mexico), its etiology remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Elucidate factors that impact researchers' efforts to understand the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 39 international researchers, selected based on their publications and participation in conferences about chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology. Interviews were conducted from May through September of 2015 in English or Spanish by video conference, telephone or in person. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed iteratively using content analysis. RESULTS Of 39 researchers interviewed, 30.8% were women, 84.6% had a medical and/or doctoral degree and 74.3% had ≥6 years' experience carrying out research on chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology. Three major themes were identified related to factors affecting research progress. The first, influence of state and private interests, concerned perceptions that sugar industry and some governments in Mesoamerica dismissed, hindered, intimidated and inaccurately represented research on chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology. The second, limited material and human resources, had to do with scarcity of stable, impartial funding and adequate in-country research infrastructure. Researchers were largely funded by nontraditional sources (charitable organizations, private donations, sugar industry in Mesoamerica, personal funds) or not funded at all. The third, logistical challenges across study lifetimes, referred to barriers such as unwieldy approval mechanisms, gang interference and publication hurdles. CONCLUSIONS Producing high quality and clinically relevant studies to address chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology in the resource-scarce Mesoamerican research climate has been fraught with challenges. These findings contextualize the progress that has been made in understanding chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology to date and highlight the need for public health and biomedical organizations to support researchers' ongoing efforts to engage all stakeholders in addressing the epidemic, disseminate their research findings and identify feasible strategies for addressing the community-wide suffering caused by chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology. KEYWORDS Chronic kidney disease, chronic renal insufficiency, chronic renal failure, chronic kidney failure, interstitial nephritis, qualitative research, epidemiology, occupational health, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Mesoamerica, Nicaragua.

Padecer la depresión como mujer inmigrante mexicana en la ciudad de Nueva York / Suffering from depression as a Mexican immigrant woman in New York City

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres migrantes y su relación con el desarrollo de la depresión en el lugar de destino. Métodos El trabajo etnográfico se desarrolló en la ciudad de Nueva York, específicamente en el barrio Queens. Se trabajó con seis mujeres inmigrantes de primera generación que pertenecían al circuito migratorio de Puebla-Nueva York. Se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad, el desarrollo de trayectorias migratorias e itinerarios terapéuticos. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas con familiares de las informantes principales para controlar sesgos u omisiones de información. Resultados Se identificó que la violencia estaba relacionada con la salud mental de las mujeres. Esta se presentó en diversas etapas de su vida y se presentaron en los espacios que habitan y desarrollaban su vida cotidiana. La violencia se acentuaba por las relaciones jerárquicas en el grupo doméstico y espacio laboral. Además, las crisis económicas y arreglos familiares enmarcaban dicho proceso. Los arreglos familiares para salir adelante y dar continuidad al modelo de familia a pesar de la migración por motivos económicos, también tuvieron relación con las tensiones que se viven en sus hogares. Discusión Discutimos las condiciones de las vidas de las mujeres y su desarrollo de padecimientos mentales con respecto a otros estudios que desde la salud pública han explicado los problemas en salud mental y la migración por medio de conceptos como la aculturación y la asimilación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the living conditions of migrant women and their correlation with the development of depression at the place of destination. Methods Ethnographic work developed in the city of New York, specifically in the Queens borough. Six first-generation immigrant women, part of the migratory circuit of Puebla-Nueva York, were included in this study. In-depth interviews, development of migratory trajectories and therapeutic itineraries were applied. Finally, interviews were conducted with relatives of the main informants to control biases or omissions. Results The relationship between violence and women's mental health was identified. Violence occurred in various stages of their lives and spaces in which they lived and developed their daily living. The violence was accentuated by the hierarchical relationships in the domestic group and work space. Furthermore, economic crisis and family arrangements were detrimental factors. The family arrangements to get ahead and provide continuity to the family model despite migration were also related to the stress they lived in their homes. Discussion The living conditions of women and their influence on the development of mental illnesses were discussed regarding other studies that, from a public health perspective, have addressed the mental health and migration issues through acculturation and assimilation concepts.(AU)

Hacia una nueva clasificación antropológica de las alteraciones mentales de los inmigrantes negroafricanos / Towards a new anthropological classification of mental disorders in black African immigrants

En este trabajo los autores realizan una novedosa clasificación de las problemáticas mentales que presentan los inmigrantes negroafricanos asentados en la provincia de Almería (España). Muchos de estos cuadros presentan tal gravedad sintomática que finalmente precisan de un ingreso en la Unidad de Salud Mental del Hospital de Poniente, para allí afrontar el comienzo de su tratamiento. En esta clasificación antropológica se entrecruzan dos modelos médicos, el biomédico y el tradicional africano, y dos miradas divergentes, la de los profesionales de salud mental (etic) y la de los inmigrantes afectados y los integrantes de sus redes locales (emic). Partiendo de esta base, se describen tres cuadros diferentes: locura ancestral o síndrome negativo, locura moderna o síndrome positivo y locura tóxica o síndrome mixto. En cada una de estas tres modalidades se especifica su etiología, modo de presentación, sintomatología, evolución, pronóstico, itinerario terapéutico y efecto en la red social de referencia (AU)

In this study, the authors carry out a new classification of the mental problems presented by black African immigrants settled in the province of Almería (Spain). In many of these cases, symptom severity is such that they eventually require admission to the Mental Health Unit of the Hospital de Poniente in order to be treated. In this anthropological classification, two medical models, the biomedical and the traditional African, and two divergent points of view, that of mental health professionals (etic) and that of the affected immigrants and the members of their local networks (emic), become intertwined. On this basis, three clinical profiles are described: ancient madness or negative syndrome, modern madness or positive syndrome, and toxic madness or mixed syndrome. The etiology of each of these three types, its mode of presentation, symptomatology, progress, prognosis, therapeutic itinerary, and its effect on the social network of reference are described (AU)

Sobre las posiciones etnográficas en la antropología de la salud en el sur de las Américas / On ethnographic positions in the anthropology of health in South America

RESUMEN Las etnografías sobre problemas de salud en poblaciones que viven bajo condiciones de desigualdad, pobreza y segregación han proliferado en Sudamérica durante las últimas décadas. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en problematizar, de forma preliminar, ciertos patrones en las relaciones y posiciones de los etnógrafos respecto de los sujetos y de las poblaciones, tanto en el trabajo de campo como en la escritura de los resultados. Analizando dichas posiciones, este artículo examina su relación con las orientaciones teóricas dominantes en la región. Además, explora, brevemente, los poderes de resolución, las sensibilidades, los mapas teóricos y de los sentidos de algunas posiciones a la luz de los desafíos de las lógicas de poder, las economías simbólicas y las diversas variantes de acumulación por desposesión dominantes en esta geográfica.

ABSTRACT Ethnographies on health issues in populations that live in conditions of poverty, inequality and segregation have proliferated over the last decades in South America. The aim of this article is to problematize - preliminarily - certain patterns in the positions and relations of ethnographers with respect to study subjects and populations during their fieldwork and in the writing of study results. This paper examines the relationships between these ethnographic positions and the dominant theoretical perspectives in the region. In addition, this article explores briefly the resolution power as well as the sensibilities, theoretical maps, and meanings of such positions in light of power logics, symbolic economies, and diverse manners of accumulation by dispossession in this geographical area.

[Medical education and medical anthropology in Europe: the cases of Italy and Spain]. / Educación sanitaria y antropología médica en Europa: los casos de Italia y España.

The aim of this article is to compare the development of health education in Italy and Spain from the point of view of the role played by medical anthropology in both countries. The context is provided by the changes in the concept of health education advocated by the UN technical agencies, especially the World Health Organization and Unesco, during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite their many similarities, Italy and Spain underwent different political evolutions over the last century. Therefore, it is interesting to compare both cases and the influence the social sciences had in health education initiatives. In order to assess the role of medical anthropology, the 1958 launch and the development of the Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italy), which was at the forefront of health education in Europe until the 1990s, was reconstructed through oral sources. After a brief description of the scant initiatives regarding health education existing in the Spain of the dictatorship, the influence of the Perusine anthropologists on Spanish health education during the democratic transition is evaluated.

[Literary, biographic and autoethnographic contributions in Spanish medical anthropology: the case of Catalonia]. / Contribuciones literarias, biográficas y autoetnográficas a la antropología médica en España: el caso catalán.

The autoethnographic method has been an important contribution to the development of medical anthropology in Spain. This article first reviews and explores documents published before 1980 that are usually classified as literature and autobiography and are linked to the health-disease-care process, a paradigmatic example of which is Ramona Via's diary Com neixen els Catalans [How Catalans are born] published in 1972. The second part of the article is focused on contributions carried out since the 1980s using the concept of autoethnography, which have as their object the body, health and illness based on a subjective ethnographic experience. This period, unlike the first, is characterized by the emergence of anthropologist authors who have promoted the development of this method, legitimized by the Tarragona School and substantialized in the first Spanish conference of autoethnography in 2015.

Contribuciones literarias, biográficas y autoetnográficas a la antropología médica en España: el caso catalán / Literary, biographic and autoethnographic contributions in Spanish medical anthropology: the case of Catalonia

RESUMEN El método autoetnográfico ha sido un importante aporte al desarrollo de la antropología médica en España. En la primera parte de este artículo, se exploran y revisan documentos habitualmente clasificados como literatura y autobiografías, vinculados a los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención y publicados antes de 1980, cuyo paradigma es el diario de Ramona Via, Com neixen els Catalans, publicado en 1972. La segunda parte se enfoca en las contribuciones desarrolladas desde la década de 1980, a partir del concepto de autoetnografía, cuyos objetos son el cuerpo, la salud y la enfermedad a partir de la experiencia etnográfica subjetiva. A diferencia del primer periodo, éste se caracteriza por el surgimiento de autores antropólogos que han impulsado el desarrollo de este método legitimado desde la escuela de Tarragona, y concretizado en el primer congreso español de autoetnografía en 2015.

ABSTRACT The autoethnographic method has been an important contribution to the development of medical anthropology in Spain. This article first reviews and explores documents published before 1980 that are usually classified as literature and autobiography and are linked to the health-disease-care process, a paradigmatic example of which is Ramona Via's diary Com neixen els Catalans [How Catalans are born] published in 1972. The second part of the article is focused on contributions carried out since the 1980s using the concept of autoethnography, which have as their object the body, health and illness based on a subjective ethnographic experience. This period, unlike the first, is characterized by the emergence of anthropologist authors who have promoted the development of this method, legitimized by the Tarragona School and substantialized in the first Spanish conference of autoethnography in 2015.

Educación sanitaria y antropología médica en Europa: los casos de Italia y España / Medical education and medical anthropology in Europe: the cases of Italy and Spain

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el desarrollo de la educación sanitaria en Italia y España desde el punto de vista del papel jugado por la antropología médica en ambos países, en un contexto marcado por los cambios en el concepto de educación sanitaria que propugnaron los organismos técnicos de las Naciones Unidas, en especial la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Unesco, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. A pesar de sus similitudes como países, Italia y España tuvieron evoluciones políticas muy diferentes durante el siglo pasado, por tanto, es interesante comparar ambos casos y la influencia que tuvieron las ciencias sociales en las iniciativas de educación sanitaria. Para valorar el papel de la antropología médica, mediante el uso de fuentes orales, hemos reconstruido la puesta en marcha, en 1958, y el desarrollo del Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italia), que estuvo en la vanguardia de la educación sanitaria en Europa hasta los años noventa. Tras una breve descripción de las escasas iniciativas sobre educación sanitaria en la España de la dictadura, evaluamos la influencia de los antropólogos perusinos en la educación para la salud española durante la transición democrática.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to compare the development of health education in Italy and Spain from the point of view of the role played by medical anthropology in both countries. The context is provided by the changes in the concept of health education advocated by the UN technical agencies, especially the World Health Organization and Unesco, during the second half of the twentieth century. Despite their many similarities, Italy and Spain underwent different political evolutions over the last century. Therefore, it is interesting to compare both cases and the influence the social sciences had in health education initiatives. In order to assess the role of medical anthropology, the 1958 launch and the development of the Centro Sperimentale per l'Educazione Sanitaria (Perugia, Italy), which was at the forefront of health education in Europe until the 1990s, was reconstructed through oral sources. After a brief description of the scant initiatives regarding health education existing in the Spain of the dictatorship, the influence of the Perusine anthropologists on Spanish health education during the democratic transition is evaluated.

Visualizing Tensions in an Ethnographic Moment: Images and Intersubjectivity.

Images function as sources of data and influence our thinking about fieldwork, representation, and intersubjectivity. In this article, I show how both the ethnographic relationships and the working method of photography lead to a more nuanced understanding of a healing event. I systematically analyze 33 photographs made over a 15-minute period during the preparation and application of a poultice (topical cure) in a rural Andean home. The images chronicle the event, revealing my initial reaction and the decisions I made when tripping the shutter. By unpacking the relationship between ethnographer and subject, I reveal the constant negotiation of positions, assumptions, and expectations that make up intersubjectivity. For transparency, I provide thumbnails of all images, including metadata, so that readers may consider alternative interpretations of the images and event.